eXpOS - Experimental Operating System

This repository contains an educational operating-system project built around the eXpOS ecosystem:

• XSM: the eXperimental String Machine simulator
• SPL: System Programmer's Language compiler for OS modules and handlers
• ExpL: Experimental Language compiler for user programs
• XFS Interface: command-line utility for formatting and loading the simulated filesystem image

The project demonstrates how a small operating system is assembled from a boot sequence, interrupt handlers, memory/process/resource managers, a virtual disk, and user-level programs.

Repository Layout

The repository stores the implementation as zipped stage snapshots:

Archive	Purpose
myexpos.zip	Latest and most complete snapshot. Use this first.
myexpos_till11.zip - myexpos_till17.zip	Earlier milestone snapshots.
myexpos_tii14.zip	Stage-14 snapshot, with a filename typo kept from the original upload.

After extracting myexpos.zip, the source tree looks like this:

myexpos/
|-- Makefile
|-- expl/              # ExpL compiler, runtime library, and user programs
|-- spl/               # SPL compiler and OS-level SPL programs
|-- xfs-interface/     # XFS disk formatter / loader / file manager
|-- xsm/               # XSM machine simulator
|-- data.txt
|-- inode_table.txt
`-- sample.dat

System Architecture

flowchart LR
    EXP["ExpL user programs"] --> EXPLC["ExpL compiler"]
    SPL["SPL OS modules"] --> SPLC["SPL compiler"]
    EXPLC --> XSMCODE["XSM assembly"]
    SPLC --> XSMCODE
    XSMCODE --> XFS["XFS interface"]
    XFS --> DISK["disk.xfs virtual disk"]
    DISK --> XSM["XSM simulator"]
    XSM --> OS["eXpOS runtime"]

Loading

What Is Implemented

The latest snapshot includes:

• XSM simulator with timer, disk, console, and debug options
• XFS disk image formatter and loader
• ExpL compiler with sample programs such as prime generation, odd/even printing, bubble sort, structs, idle, and init programs
• SPL compiler for kernel code
• Boot/startup code that loads OS pages and initializes process state
• Timer, disk, console, read, write, exec, and exit-related handlers
• OS modules for resource management, process management, memory management, device management, scheduling, and boot initialization
• XFS support for loading OS code, modules, interrupts, libraries, idle/init programs, data files, and executable files

Key Components

Component	Path after extraction	Description
ExpL compiler	myexpos/expl/	Compiles .expl programs to .xsm machine code.
SPL compiler	myexpos/spl/	Compiles .spl OS modules and interrupt handlers to .xsm.
XFS interface	myexpos/xfs-interface/	Formats disk.xfs, loads code/data, lists files, exports files, and inspects disk blocks.
XSM simulator	myexpos/xsm/	Simulates the XSM hardware and runs the loaded OS image.
OS programs	myexpos/spl/spl_progs/	Current SPL modules, interrupt handlers, and startup code.
Stage 18 programs	myexpos/spl/stage_18/, myexpos/spl/stage18_a/	Additional stage-specific OS implementations.
User samples	myexpos/expl/samples/	ExpL programs used as user-level executables.

Prerequisites

Install the following tools:

• gcc or another C compiler
• make
• lex or flex
• yacc or bison
• readline development library for xfs-interface

On Debian/Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install build-essential flex bison libreadline-dev

On macOS with Xcode command-line tools and Homebrew:

xcode-select --install
brew install flex bison readline

Getting Started

1. Extract the latest snapshot

unzip myexpos.zip
cd myexpos

2. Build the toolchain

On older Linux setups, the bundled makefiles may build directly:

make

On modern compilers, especially Apple Clang, use legacy C compatibility flags:

make CFLAGS="-g -std=gnu89 -Wno-implicit-function-declaration -Wno-int-conversion"

This builds:

• expl/expl-bin and expl/ltranslate
• spl/spl
• xfs-interface/xfs-interface
• xsm/xsm

Compile Programs

Compile an ExpL user program:

cd expl
sh ./expl samples/prime.expl

This generates:

expl/samples/prime.xsm

Compile an SPL module:

cd ../spl
./spl spl_progs/mod_0.spl

This generates:

spl/spl_progs/mod_0.xsm

Build and Load a Disk Image

The simulator expects the virtual disk at:

myexpos/xfs-interface/disk.xfs

Run xfs-interface from the xfs-interface/ directory so the disk is created in the correct place.

Create xfs-interface/load-os.xfs:

fdisk
load --os ../spl/spl_progs/os_startup.xsm
load --idle ../expl/expl_progs/idle.xsm
load --init ../expl/expl_progs/init.xsm
load --library ../expl/library.lib
load --int=timer ../spl/spl_progs/sample_timer.xsm
load --int=disk ../spl/spl_progs/disk_interrupt.xsm
load --int=console ../spl/spl_progs/console_interrupt.xsm
load --int=6 ../spl/spl_progs/int6.xsm
load --int=7 ../spl/spl_progs/int7.xsm
load --int=9 ../spl/spl_progs/int9.xsm
load --int=10 ../spl/spl_progs/int10.xsm
load --module 0 ../spl/spl_progs/mod_0.xsm
load --module 1 ../spl/spl_progs/mod_1.xsm
load --module 2 ../spl/spl_progs/mod_2.xsm
load --module 4 ../spl/spl_progs/mod_4.xsm
load --module 5 ../spl/spl_progs/mod_5.xsm
load --module 7 ../spl/spl_progs/mod_7.xsm
load --exec ../expl/samples/prime.xsm
ls

Then run:

cd xfs-interface
./xfs-interface run load-os.xfs

Expected output includes the formatted disk and the loaded user executable:

Formatting Complete. "disk.xfs" created.
Filename: root      Filesize 512
Filename: prime.xsm Filesize 268

Run the Simulator

From the xsm/ directory:

cd ../xsm
./xsm --timer 0

Useful simulator options:

./xsm --timer 10
./xsm --disk 20
./xsm --console 20
./xsm --debug

Depending on the loaded stage image, the simulator may halt after a program completes or remain active in the OS idle/scheduling loop.

XFS Interface Commands

Start the interactive shell:

cd xfs-interface
./xfs-interface

Common commands:

Command	Description
fdisk	Format disk.xfs with the XFS filesystem.
run <file>	Execute XFS commands from a script.
load --os <file>	Load OS startup code.
load --int=<n> <file>	Load an interrupt routine.
load --module <n> <file>	Load a kernel module.
load --exec <file>	Load a user executable.
load --data <file>	Load a data file.
ls	List files in XFS.
cat <file>	Print a file from XFS.
copy <start> <end> <file>	Copy disk blocks to a UNIX file.
df	Display free-list information.
dump --inodeusertable	Export inode/user-table data.
dump --rootfile	Export the root file.

Type help inside the interface for the complete command list.

OS Module Map

File	Role
os_startup.spl	Loads idle code and boot module, initializes idle process page table and process table entry.
sample_timer.spl	Saves context, marks the current process ready, invokes scheduler, and restores the next process.
disk_interrupt.spl	Handles disk completion and wakes waiting processes.
console_interrupt.spl	Handles console input/output completion.
int6.spl	Implements terminal Read syscall path.
int7.spl	Implements terminal Write syscall path.
int9.spl	Implements Exec, loads executable pages, and reinitializes process resources.
int10.spl	Implements process exit/halt behavior.
mod_0.spl	Resource manager: terminal and disk acquire/release logic.
mod_1.spl	Process manager: exit, page-table cleanup, user-area cleanup.
mod_2.spl	Memory manager: free-page allocation and release.
mod_4.spl	Device manager: terminal read/write and disk load logic.
mod_5.spl	Scheduler: selects the next ready/created process and restores context.
mod_7.spl	Boot module: loads kernel/user pages and initializes system tables.

Development Notes

• The repository currently keeps source code inside zip archives. For easier review and contribution, consider extracting myexpos.zip into the repo root and committing the expanded source tree.
• Several archives include prebuilt binaries from the original environment. Rebuild locally instead of relying on those binaries.
• Some scripts inside the archive may not have executable permissions after extraction. Use sh ./expl <file> or run chmod +x expl if needed.
• xsm/Makefile probes ldconfig, which is Linux-specific. On macOS it may print ldconfig: command not found; the build can still succeed.
• xsm/Makefile clean uses plain rm for some generated files, so repeated make clean commands can fail if those files are already absent.
• If the simulator reports a NULL instruction immediately, confirm that disk.xfs was created under xfs-interface/ and that you are running xsm from the xsm/ directory.

Learning Outcomes

This project is useful for understanding:

• How a tiny OS boots on simulated hardware
• How user programs are compiled into machine code
• How kernel modules and interrupt handlers are loaded into disk blocks
• How process tables, page tables, memory free lists, and resource tables work
• How timer-driven scheduling and blocking I/O are modeled
• How a filesystem interface can bridge host files and a simulated disk