diff --git a/lib/optimizely.rb b/lib/optimizely.rb
index 3d787c88..f524d822 100644
--- a/lib/optimizely.rb
+++ b/lib/optimizely.rb
@@ -1018,13 +1018,13 @@ def send_odp_event(action:, identifiers:, type: Helpers::Constants::ODP_MANAGER_
       @odp_manager.send_event(type: type, action: action, identifiers: identifiers, data: data)
     end
 
-    def identify_user(user_id:)
+    def identify_user(identifiers:)
       unless is_valid
         @logger.log(Logger::ERROR, InvalidProjectConfigError.new('identify_user').message)
         return
       end
 
-      @odp_manager.identify_user(user_id: user_id)
+      @odp_manager.identify_user(identifiers: identifiers)
     end
 
     def fetch_qualified_segments(user_id:, options: [])
diff --git a/lib/optimizely/odp/odp_manager.rb b/lib/optimizely/odp/odp_manager.rb
index 77e35035..25b53b1d 100644
--- a/lib/optimizely/odp/odp_manager.rb
+++ b/lib/optimizely/odp/odp_manager.rb
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ def fetch_qualified_segments(user_id:, options:)
       @segment_manager.fetch_qualified_segments(ODP_MANAGER_CONFIG[:KEY_FOR_USER_ID], user_id, options)
     end
 
-    def identify_user(user_id:)
+    def identify_user(identifiers:)
       unless @enabled
         @logger.log(Logger::DEBUG, 'ODP identify event is not dispatched (ODP disabled).')
         return
@@ -102,10 +102,18 @@ def identify_user(user_id:)
         return
       end
 
+      valid_identifiers = identifiers.select { |_k, v| v && !v.to_s.empty? }
+      # Identify requires 2+ identifiers to link (e.g., vuid + fs_user_id).
+      # A single identifier has no cross-reference value and generates unnecessary traffic.
+      if valid_identifiers.length < 2
+        @logger.log(Logger::DEBUG, 'ODP identify event is not dispatched (fewer than 2 valid identifiers).')
+        return
+      end
+
       @event_manager.send_event(
         type: ODP_MANAGER_CONFIG[:EVENT_TYPE],
         action: 'identified',
-        identifiers: {ODP_MANAGER_CONFIG[:KEY_FOR_USER_ID] => user_id},
+        identifiers: valid_identifiers,
         data: {}
       )
     end
diff --git a/lib/optimizely/optimizely_user_context.rb b/lib/optimizely/optimizely_user_context.rb
index 9594c591..a069a738 100644
--- a/lib/optimizely/optimizely_user_context.rb
+++ b/lib/optimizely/optimizely_user_context.rb
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #
 
 require 'json'
+require_relative 'helpers/constants'
 
 module Optimizely
   class OptimizelyUserContext
@@ -36,7 +37,10 @@ def initialize(optimizely_client, user_id, user_attributes, identify: true)
       @forced_decisions = {}
       @qualified_segments = nil
 
-      @optimizely_client&.identify_user(user_id: user_id) if identify
+      if identify
+        identifiers = {Optimizely::Helpers::Constants::ODP_MANAGER_CONFIG[:KEY_FOR_USER_ID] => user_id}
+        @optimizely_client&.identify_user(identifiers: identifiers)
+      end
     end
 
     def clone
diff --git a/spec/odp/odp_manager_spec.rb b/spec/odp/odp_manager_spec.rb
index be9ff06f..7cc42b73 100644
--- a/spec/odp/odp_manager_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/odp/odp_manager_spec.rb
@@ -218,10 +218,52 @@
   end
 
   describe '#identify_user' do
-    it 'should send event' do
+    it 'should send event when multiple identifiers provided' do
+      allow(SecureRandom).to receive(:uuid).and_return(test_uuid)
+      event_manager = Optimizely::OdpEventManager.new
+      identifiers = {user_key => user_value, 'email' => 'test@example.com'}
+      event = Optimizely::OdpEvent.new(type: 'fullstack', action: 'identified', identifiers: identifiers, data: {})
+      expect(spy_logger).not_to receive(:log).with(Logger::ERROR, anything)
+
+      expect(event_manager.api_manager)
+        .to receive(:send_odp_events)
+        .once
+        .with(api_key, api_host, [event])
+        .and_return(false)
+
+      manager = Optimizely::OdpManager.new(disable: false, event_manager: event_manager, logger: spy_logger)
+      manager.update_odp_config(api_key, api_host, segments_to_check)
+
+      manager.identify_user(identifiers: identifiers)
+
+      manager.stop!
+    end
+
+    it 'should not send event when fewer than 2 valid identifiers' do
+      expect(spy_logger).to receive(:log).with(Logger::DEBUG, 'ODP identify event is not dispatched (fewer than 2 valid identifiers).')
+
+      manager = Optimizely::OdpManager.new(disable: false, logger: spy_logger)
+      manager.update_odp_config(api_key, api_host, segments_to_check)
+      manager.identify_user(identifiers: {user_key => user_value})
+
+      manager.stop!
+    end
+
+    it 'should not count empty or nil identifier values' do
+      expect(spy_logger).to receive(:log).with(Logger::DEBUG, 'ODP identify event is not dispatched (fewer than 2 valid identifiers).')
+
+      manager = Optimizely::OdpManager.new(disable: false, logger: spy_logger)
+      manager.update_odp_config(api_key, api_host, segments_to_check)
+      manager.identify_user(identifiers: {user_key => user_value, 'email' => '', 'phone' => nil})
+
+      manager.stop!
+    end
+
+    it 'should send event with all valid identifiers when some are empty' do
       allow(SecureRandom).to receive(:uuid).and_return(test_uuid)
       event_manager = Optimizely::OdpEventManager.new
-      event = Optimizely::OdpEvent.new(type: 'fullstack', action: 'identified', identifiers: {user_key => user_value}, data: {})
+      valid_identifiers = {user_key => user_value, 'email' => 'test@example.com'}
+      event = Optimizely::OdpEvent.new(type: 'fullstack', action: 'identified', identifiers: valid_identifiers, data: {})
       expect(spy_logger).not_to receive(:log).with(Logger::ERROR, anything)
 
       expect(event_manager.api_manager)
@@ -233,7 +275,7 @@
       manager = Optimizely::OdpManager.new(disable: false, event_manager: event_manager, logger: spy_logger)
       manager.update_odp_config(api_key, api_host, segments_to_check)
 
-      manager.identify_user(user_id: user_value)
+      manager.identify_user(identifiers: {user_key => user_value, 'email' => 'test@example.com', 'phone' => ''})
 
       manager.stop!
     end
@@ -243,7 +285,7 @@
       expect(spy_logger).to receive(:log).with(Logger::DEBUG, 'ODP identify event is not dispatched (ODP disabled).')
 
       manager = Optimizely::OdpManager.new(disable: true, logger: spy_logger)
-      manager.identify_user(user_id: user_value)
+      manager.identify_user(identifiers: {user_key => user_value, 'email' => 'test@example.com'})
 
       manager.stop!
     end
@@ -253,7 +295,7 @@
       expect(spy_logger).to receive(:log).with(Logger::DEBUG, 'ODP identify event is not dispatched (ODP not integrated).')
       manager = Optimizely::OdpManager.new(disable: false, logger: spy_logger)
       manager.update_odp_config(nil, nil, [])
-      manager.identify_user(user_id: user_value)
+      manager.identify_user(identifiers: {user_key => user_value, 'email' => 'test@example.com'})
 
       manager.stop!
     end
@@ -263,7 +305,7 @@
       expect(spy_logger).to receive(:log).with(Logger::DEBUG, 'ODP identify event is not dispatched (datafile not ready).')
 
       manager = Optimizely::OdpManager.new(disable: false, logger: spy_logger)
-      manager.identify_user(user_id: user_value)
+      manager.identify_user(identifiers: {user_key => user_value, 'email' => 'test@example.com'})
 
       manager.stop!
     end
diff --git a/spec/optimizely_user_context_spec.rb b/spec/optimizely_user_context_spec.rb
index 42d71065..14360c23 100644
--- a/spec/optimizely_user_context_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/optimizely_user_context_spec.rb
@@ -907,7 +907,7 @@
   it 'should send identify event when user context created' do
     stub_request(:post, 'https://api.zaius.com/v3/graphql').to_return(status: 200, body: good_response_data.to_json)
     stub_request(:post, 'https://api.zaius.com/v3/events').to_return(status: 200)
-    expect(integration_project_instance.odp_manager).to receive(:identify_user).with({user_id: 'tester'})
+    expect(integration_project_instance.odp_manager).to receive(:identify_user).with({identifiers: {'fs_user_id' => 'tester'}})
     Optimizely::OptimizelyUserContext.new(integration_project_instance, 'tester', {})
 
     integration_project_instance.close
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
 
   it 'should skip identify with decisions' do
     stub_request(:post, impression_log_url)
-    expect(integration_project_instance.odp_manager).to receive(:identify_user).with({user_id: 'tester'})
+    expect(integration_project_instance.odp_manager).to receive(:identify_user).with({identifiers: {'fs_user_id' => 'tester'}})
     expect(spy_logger).not_to receive(:log).with(Logger::ERROR, anything)
 
     user_context = Optimizely::OptimizelyUserContext.new(integration_project_instance, 'tester', {})
diff --git a/spec/project_spec.rb b/spec/project_spec.rb
index 9abbc39f..99ffac38 100644
--- a/spec/project_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/project_spec.rb
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class InvalidErrorHandler; end # rubocop:disable Lint/ConstantDefinitionInBlock
 
     it 'should send identify event when called with odp enabled' do
       project = Optimizely::Project.new(datafile: config_body_integrations_JSON, logger: spy_logger)
-      expect(project.odp_manager).to receive(:identify_user).with({user_id: 'tester'})
+      expect(project.odp_manager).to receive(:identify_user).with({identifiers: {'fs_user_id' => 'tester'}})
       project.create_user_context('tester')
 
       project.close